For Harry Collins, the coronavirus crisis raises crucial questions about the future of science – and so the future of democracy.

Distinguished research professor in Cardiff University’s School of Social Sciences, Collins was a pioneer in what he calls “Wave Two science studies”, which explores how science is a deeply social, and so fallibly human, activity. More recently, he has been concerned with how one can reconcile this critical perspective with a firm but realistic commitment to the value of science.

Furthermore, for more than four decades, Professor Collins has been carrying out sociological research among the scientists who erroneously believed they had detected gravitational waves in 1972; he was still there for . Despite “a lot of pressures on science to lose its integrity”, such as “demands it should contribute to the economy”, he said, he still believed that “science as an institution tends to produce people with integrity”. That made it “the least worst way” of gaining insights into the world “because the people involved are doing their very best to get the correct solution without being driven by hidden interests…Even in circumstances where science can’t reach ‘the truth’, because it’s too complicated, you still want to go to those people because they are the best bet.”

Yet beyond the utility of its insights, Professor Collins also saw science as “a desperately important institution” because it offered “an object lesson against the political argument that the only right way of making decisions is through the market” and represented “one of the checks and balances you need in a democratic society”.

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So what does this mean in the current situation, when scientists have been given unprecedented public prominence and most governments claim to be deferring to them?

Professor Collins has already posted titled “Can Covid save science?” and was happy to share further thoughts with ����Vlog.

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“I would rather have politicians say they are following the science than not following the science,” he explained, “because it gives science a higher profile and more legitimacy, which is what I want for it.” Nonetheless, he would prefer to hear them saying, “‘We’re taking into account the science’, rather than following it, because it’s not clear what ‘following it’ means when there’s scientific disagreement”.

This is more than a trivial point. There has always been deep disagreement among economists, so it made little sense for Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s to claim that expert advice clearly pointed to particular policies. Today, as Professor Collins saw it, predictive epidemiology seemed to be just as divided, so governments had to “take a lot of responsibility for what they do, because there isn’t the kind of consensus we have about whether gravitational waves have been discovered in the case of where Covid is going”.

Although Professor Collins regarded the British government’s pandemic response as “completely inexcusable”, arguing that it relied on secrecy and spin, he suspected that politicians “are trying to take notice of the science” while also (or instead) “looking to use scientists as scapegoats if things go wrong”.

It was here that he foresaw a huge possible danger. “If the government decide they need scientists as scapegoats, you can see the Daily Mail and other such newspapers saying: ‘Science has let us down. We used to think science was perfect, but now we see these people are fallible, adulterers and so on. We can’t trust it any more.’ And the public might end up with that view, which would be very dangerous indeed.”

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But if the situation in the UK was worrying, what we are witnessing in the US was far worse.

“If Trump gets re-elected in the autumn, that would be a disaster for science,” said Professor Collins. “He has displayed a total lack of regard for any kind of reasonable decision-making or science. If he gets re-elected, that means that there’s no safeguard in democracy for science and reasonable decision-making.”

matthew.reisz@timeshighereducation.com